In the 1980s, out of a growing recognition that industrialization has made it possible for our species to now effect rapid changes to our planet’s environments, ecologists and conservationists introduced the concept of each species having a minimum viable population: the minimum population necessary for that species to persist into the future without risk of extinction.
Early estimates placed this number as low as a few dozen individuals for many larger species, but over the following decades, as the complexity of our planet’s ecosystems has become clearer, best estimates have risen from dozens of individuals to hundreds to thousands. This trend has continued, and today’s generation of ecologists have a more wholistic understanding of factors such as:
– conditions necessary for a healthy gene pool
– chance catastrophes (human-caused or not)
– species-interdependence both up and down the food chain
– how common it is for species to live and reproduce in smaller, isolated groups
Faced with this complexity, the dream of having a single number that guarantees a species’ persistence has died. The only truly viable population is one that remains robust and bountiful — and the only condition that can produce such a population is a robust and bountiful ecosystem.
So, if we are going to place thresholds and heuristics on populations sizes, let robust and bountiful be our guiding metrics, rather than minimum viability. For many large mammals, dropping below 4000-5000 individuals has been observed as a tipping point where a species’ ability to absorb rapid changes to its environment drops off — a tipping point where that species’ fragility stresses the rest of its ecosystem, sometimes irreversibly so.
4000 — this number does not represent a scientific accuracy but rather a conceptual necessity. The 4000 threads used to create each of the pieces below are a representation of this threshold. 4000 individuals who, in their overlap, sustain a species.
This project is dedicated to the individuals and organizations whose work embodies this kind of conservation — to those who work toward the protection and flourishing of our planet’s environments and species. For as long as this project lasts, 20% of each order will be donated to such efforts. See below for details.
Lions once lived throughout Africa as well as parts of India and Europe. Today, they are only found in scattered pockets of sub-Saharan Africa, cumulatively covering less than 10% of their historic range. Currently, direct poaching and habitat loss are their main threats. Lions live and hunt in small prides, and as a result must roam and intermix with other prides to maintain a healthy gene pool. However, many prides now find themselves isolated and unable to roam as needed, leaving more and more of the species vulnerable to diseases and genetic stagnation. Total population size is estimated to have been cut in half in the past 25 years.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the Lion Recovery Fund, whose explicit goal is to return the species to where it was 25 years ago by 2050. With operations in 25 countries across Africa, LRF has already proven how quickly lion populations can recover if they and their habitat are given the space.
Once spread throughout Africa and Asia, wild cheetahs now can only be found in fragmented pockets across Africa, occupying less than a tenth of their historic range. Today there are fewer than 7100 individuals in the wild.
Habitat fragmentation and prey loss have led to the majority of wild cheetahs living in close proximity to rural farm land, and many are killed by farmers protecting their livestock. Habitat loss and conflict with humans are the main threats to the species today.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the Cheetah Conservation Fund. Founded in 1990 in Namibia, CCF is internationally recognized for their direct conservation efforts, research programs, and global mission to educate governments and local communities on how human-cheetah coexistence is possible.
Between its six surviving subspecies, there are currently around 5500 tigers left in the wild across Asia. Our world’s largest and most iconic cat has lost over 90% of its historic range, almost all due to human expansion and direct poaching.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to Panthera, an organization that works globally on behalf of all wild cat species. Their Tigers Forever program focuses its efforts on key sites around Asia that have the potential to support a total tiger population exceeding ten thousand in the coming decade.
The Iberian lynx flourished in Southern Spain up until the 20th century, when rapid prey and habitat loss led to an estimated 80% of their historic range no longer being able to support any lynx population. In the early 2000s, with less than 100 individuals left, they were the most endangered feline on the planet. Remarkably, after over 20 years of work to save the species, their population has increased to the low thousands in recent years. The Iberian lynx is a tremendous, albeit ongoing, success story for conservation efforts.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to Rewilding Europe, an organization that is proving how quickly ecosystems can recover, restore, and rewild if given the proper support. The rewilding approach includes reintroducing select species to their historic regions, thereby enabling nature to rebuild its once robust and biodiverse environments. They now operate ten landscapes across Europe with this philosophy in mind, totaling over 14 million acres.
The Western Hemisphere’s largest cat can be found from Mexico all the way to Argentina. Jaguars are largely solitary cats, similar to tigers, and require large territories to support a meaningful population.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to Panthera. Their Jaguar Corridor Initiative is an effort that spans Central and South America and works alongside governments and local communities to establish protected corridors of land that connect core jaguar populations across borders. These corridors are essential to avoid the situation that large cats are facing in Africa and Asia, where fragmented, shrinking environments destroy a species’ ability to roam and mate and sustain a robust population.
If we find ourselves needing an example of a species that embodies “robust and bountiful”, we can look to the caracal. Far from being endangered, these charismatic cats can be found throughout Africa and Asia, with different sub-populations being adapted to forests, savannas, deserts, marshy lowlands, grasslands, and even mountainous regions far above sea level. The caracal’s widespread presence and ability to thrive in all these ecological niches makes it a shining example of a species in good health.
Let this wild cat serve as a sort of wild card. Donations from purchasing this piece will go to the organization of your choice. Choose from the ones highlighted here when ordering.
Immediately recognizable by their red coat and long legs, the Ethiopian wolf is a highly social carnivore native to the high Afroalpine regions of Ethiopia. The 500 individuals left in the wild are currently threatened by the fragmentation of their once expansive ecosystem, an all too common trend across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The species is now split into 6 segregated populations, each inhabiting a shrinking bubble of the Ethiopian highlands.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Program. Founded in 1995, the EWCP has become a world leader in understanding and conserving the ecosystems that carnivores like the Ethiopian wolf are an integral part of.
With fewer than 20 individuals left in the wild, the red wolf is the world’s most critically endangered canid. Once roaming the entire Southeastern United States, they now can only be found in the wild in a small section of North Carolina.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the American Wolf Foundation. Their long term vision is one where these wolves can be reintroduced to more of their historic range, and their work currently includes everything from genetic research to funding facilities across the United States where breeding pairs and packs can be hosted. In recent years, the foundation has focused on increasing the captive population in a way that preserves the species’ genetic diversity, with the goal of eventually reintroducing packs to North Carolina and neighboring states.
Dhole rhymes with whole! The dhole is a wild dog native to regions as far north as the Himalayas and as far south as the Malay Peninsula. Often confused for large foxes or wolves, these unique dogs don’t fit into either subfamily. They are highly social and extremely athletic pack hunters; each pack has one monogamous pair who breeds, and the entire pack cares for the pups. Adult dholes are also extremely vocal – they use their characteristic whistles to communicate while hunting, and each individual’s whistle is unique enough to identify them by their voice alone.
The dhole suffers mainly from habitat loss, and it is estimated that only a few thousand are left across their historic region. Donations from ordering this piece will go to the Wildlife Trust of India, whose direct conservation efforts include corridor creation, human-animal conflict mitigation, and habitat restoration.
The Sechuran fox, also called the Peruvian desert fox, calls the arid regions of Ecuador and Peru home. Although they are highly elusive and not often seen out in the open, this curious canid is known to be adapted to forests, deserts, and beaches. Small yet robust, they travel across biomes as the seasons change, and are highly opportunistic hunters. Unfortunately, this last characteristic has led them into more contact with farmers in recent decades, as habitat loss and human expansion has given them an affinity for small livestock. Habitat loss and direct hunting are the Sechuran fox’s greatest threats today.
Donations from purchasing this piece will go to Nature and Culture International. For 25 years they have focused on protecting and connecting threatened forests across Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Bolivia, and Columbia. 26 million acres of rich, biodiverse land are currently under their protection.
There are at least 23 unique species of macaque that make up the broader genus, and macaques of different shapes and sizes can be found in nearly every corner of Asia. This diversity and ubiquity is a tremendous advantage for the long term health of the overall genus, but it also means that there are more macaques living in close proximity to humans than any other primate. This forced coexistence has led to them being mistreated in many countries – from illegal hunting to being kept in abusive conditions in captivity. The number of human-macaque incidents continues to rise as their habitats shrink, pointing to the need for better coexistence strategies – both with macaques and with the rest of nature.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the Asia for Animals Macaque Coalition. Their mission is to enable new solutions to this coexistence problem by connecting individuals and organizations who can share their experience and formulate best practices at both the local and governmental level.
True to their name, howler monkeys are some of the loudest land mammals. They tend to be most vocal at dawn, and their calls can be heard for miles on a calm morning. There are 15 species of howler monkey that inhabit Central and South America, with their most concentrated populations being in and around the Amazon rainforest. Illegal logging and poaching are the largest threats to the Amazon and the biodiversity it contains.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to Junglekeepers, who directly protect over 100,000 acres of the Peruvian Amazon. Their goal is to eventually protect a total of 300,000 acres, and all donations go directly toward land acquisition and expanding their ranger program.
Living in troops that can range from a few dozen individuals to over 100, chimps may be the most social of all their primate relatives. From developing social bonds that last lifetimes to befriending other primate species, chimps must navigate their busy social environment as well as their physical one. The tropical rainforest covering Central and West Africa used to be a continuous ecosystem that was home to millions of chimpanzees. Deforestation has fragmented the region, and of the 24 countries that wild chimps used to inhabit, populations are either extinct or in decline in all 24.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Dr. Jane Goodall’s vision has engaged communities, individuals, schools, and governments for nearly 50 years, and the institute’s direct work has expanded to 3.4 million acres of chimpanzee habitat.
With their distinctive orange eyes and white ruff, the L’hoest’s monkey is unmistakable. Unfortunately, the species finds itself in a position that is common today – they live in a single region spanning Eastern DRC and Western Uganda, and that habitat is steadily being lost to agricultural expansion and mining. This region is known as Albertine Rift Valley, and it is one of Africa’s most richly biodiverse regions. Over 50 globally threatened species call this valley home, including the L’hoest’s monkey and the critically endangered mountain gorilla.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the World Wildlife Fund, an organization that now works toward protecting wildlife in over 100 countries. Their Albertine Rift Core Group has been operational since 2001, and targets key sites within the region.
The Borneo Rainforest, one of the most biodiverse regions on the planet, is home to the critically endangered Bornean Orangutan. Deforestation has resulted in the loss of over half the forest cover since tracking began in the 1970s, and Asia’s only great ape has suffered a similar decline.
Habitat loss is particularly dangerous to orangutans due to having single offspring and long inter-birth intervals – young can stay with their mothers for up to eight years, longer than any other primate.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the Bornean Orangutan Survival, the world’s largest orangutan conservation organization. Operating on both the global and local scale, Bornean Orangutan Survival now has 1.1 million acres of rainforest under their care, and has returned over 500 orangutans to the wild after rescue and rehabilitation.
Similar to the macaque, there are many different species of langur across Southeast Asia. Some are healthy and widespread, while others are either endangered or threatened by shrinking habitats. The golden langur is one such example – known for their strikingly human facial expressions, these monkeys are endemic to India and have an estimated population of around 6000.
Donations from ordering this piece will go to the Wildlife Trust of India, whose direct conservation efforts include corridor creation, human-animal conflict mitigation, and habitat restoration.
This project has been in the works for a while, thanks for taking a look at it. I’m a one-man shop in Colorado, and I make everything that goes into these pieces.
In the spirit of this project, I set out to make the wood frames with as little wasted material as possible, so they’re all made from two steam-bent arches that get joined together. I don’t really believe in staining wood, so everything you’ll get from me is meant to bring out the natural grain and color of the species I’m working with.
It was important that the lighting on these pieces worked well in both a sunny room and in the evenings, so every piece comes with a remote that can adjust brightness and color temperature.
I apologize if lead times get particularly long, each piece takes weeks to make. If you need something quicker, I may be able to expedite an order, but it will come at an additional cost. Please use the contact form below for any inquiries.
And here’s a picture of Thea, she helps out in the shop when there are no squirrels to chase.
I love experimenting with this style and doing portraits of any kind, so I’m always open to commissions or doing custom versions of any of the pieces featured here. Size, wood species, custom lighting, or anything else that comes to mind – I’m able to entertain nearly everything since I do all the design and fabrication myself. Send me a message using this contact form and I’ll get back to you as soon as I can.
Please contact me directly if you are outside the US, thanks.
Use these links to read more about the organizations featured in this series or to donate directly to them:
Lion Recovery Fund
Cheetah Conservation Fund
Panthera – Tigers Forever Program
Panthera – Jaguar Corridor Initiative
Rewilding Europe
Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Program
American Wolf Foundation
Wildlife Trust of India
Nature and Culture International
Asia for Animals Macaque Coalition
Junglekeepers
Jane Goodall Institute
World Wildlife Fund
Bornean Orangutan Survival